Poliomyelitis Treatment

Boils are a form of bacterial skin infection that presents as inflamed, tender, pus filled sores. Most boils drain and heal shortly after appearing. However, large or severe boils may require medical attention and antibiotic treatment. Minor or small boils often resolve on their own with good hygiene and at-home treatments, such as warm compresses. However, large or complex boils, boils on the face or neck, and chronic boils often require a doctor to drain them. Some people may also need to take antibiotics. This article discusses what a boil is, which antibiotics may be effective, why it is important to take antibiotics exactly as prescribed, general tips for taking antibiotics, and additional treatments for boils. Boils are painful, swollen, tender sores that develop under the skin due to a bacterial infection. Bacteria cause most boils, with Staphylococcus aureus (staph) being the type that most commonly lead to boils. Staph bacteria normally live on the surface of the skin and onl...

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Ringworm is a type of red or discolored, itchy skin rash caused by a contagious fungal infection called tinea (tinea capitis when it affects your scalp and tinea corporis when it affects your body). Tinea is transmitted by pets and people, and it's the same type of fungus that causes jock itch and athlete's foot. The ringworm rash gets its name from the ring-like shape in which it appears, usually surrounding a circle of clearer skin. Despite its name, there's no worm involved. It can look a lot like another skin condition causing a red or discolored rash called psoriasis. Ringworm can affect almost any part of your body, including your scalp and hands. Most cases of ringworm are mild and fairly easy to treat at home and with medication. Usually ringworm clears up in 2 to 4 weeks. More serious cases may require up to 3 months of treatment. Some cases of ringworm, including ringworm on your scalp, may cause hair loss. In rare cases, a person may experience scarring following...

Appropriate hand and foot hygiene involves cleaning and trimming nails. Dirt and pathogens can accumulate under nails and spread infections. While it can be difficult to clean these areas, following guidelines and maintaining good nail hygiene can help individuals reduce the risk of potential complications. Fingernails and toenails are the structures at the end of appendages, such as fingers and toes. They mostly consist of a substance known as keratin and play a role in touch, and allow people to scratch. Healthy nails typically include features such as uniform size and shape as well as a smooth and shiny appearance. There are many conditions that can affect the nails, and people may be able to prevent some conditions by keeping their nails clean and dry. As people often use their nails for a number of tasks, it is not uncommon to discover dirt, bacteria, fungi, and dead skin cells under the nail. Practicing good nail care and hygiene can help to prevent the buildup of unwanted mate...

A burning sensation in the nose can feel different to different people. Some may experience the feeling of heat in the nose, while others may develop a sharp or prickly type of pain. The sensation arises because of irritation to the nose and nasal passages, often due to allergies. In some cases, nose burning can develop because of an infection, such as COVID-19, or a simple cold. Read on to find out more about nose burning, its causes, and what you can do to relieve the symptom. fizkes / Getty Images Nose Burning and COVID-19 COVID-19 is a respiratory disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It is highly contagious and can lead to mild to severe symptoms that affect the respiratory tract. COVID-19 has been shown to cause various symptoms, including ones that affect the upper respiratory tract, including the nose, nasal cavity, and throat. The clinical evidence surrounding the nose burning sensation in people with COVID-19 is limited, and i...

What Is Viral Load? It's simply the amount of virus doctors can find in your body. They might use blood, nasal swabs, or other bodily fluids to test the load for a particular virus. People infected with the coronavirus that causes COVID-19 may have different viral loads. This goes for people who aren't unvaccinated, as well as "breakthrough infections" that affect those who are. Scientists are starting to learn more about how this affects your symptoms and your ability to get COVID-19 and give it to other people. Does a Higher Viral Load for COVID-19 Make You More Contagious? Doctors aren't sure. Some studies seem to show that it does, but others seem to show less of an effect. What does seem clear is that people with symptoms of COVID-19 are more contagious. And that the viral load tends to peak in the week after their symptoms first appear. But, doctors say, t...

When the COVID-19 pandemic began in early 2020, researchers reported an increase in cases of Kawasaki disease, an illness that causes widespread inflammation in children under age 5. Although the cause of Kawasaki disease isn't clear, research suggests that both genetic and environmental factors play a role. It may affect genetically predisposed children following exposure to a viral infection — for instance, the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2. This article reviews how COVID-19 affects children with Kawasaki disease, along with typical diagnosis and treatment methods. Kawasaki disease was first described in the 1960s by Dr. Tomisaku Kawasaki, a Japanese pediatrician. Although it can occur anywhere in the world, it occurs at a higher rate in Japan. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported that in the continental United States, Kawasaki disease led to approximately 3,935 hospitalizations of children under age 5 in 2016. It is more likely to affect boys. Kawasaki...

WHO. Immunization coverage. WHO; 2020. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/immunization-coverage. Accessed Dec 2020. WHO. Estimates of disease burden and cost-effectiveness. World Health Organization; 2019. https://www.who.int/immunization/monitoring_surveillance/burden/estimates/en/. Accessed Nov 2020. Phadke VK, Bednarczyk RA, Salmon DA, et al. Association between vaccine refusal and vaccine-preventable diseases in the United States a review of measles and pertussis. JAMA - J Am Med Assoc. 2016;315:1149–58. CAS  Article  Google Scholar  CDC. Why Vaccinate | CDC. CDC; 2019. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/parents/why-vaccinate/index.html. Accessed Nov 2020. Homel J, Edwards B. Factors associated with delayed infant immunization in a nationally representative cohort study. Child Care Health Dev. 2018;44:583–91. CAS  PubMed  Article  Googl...

We have seen the terms "DNA" and "vaccine" used together in the media quite frequently in recent years due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic; in fact, Google reports anywhere from a 250% to 1,000% increase in searches in various combinations of these search terms.  So what is the deal with DNA, and does it play a role in vaccine development today?  A brief timeline and definition of vaccines   A vaccine is defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as a "preparation that is used to stimulate the body's immune response against diseases." In other words, vaccination exposes our body to a specific pathogen (a virus or bacteria that is harmful to us), giving our immune system a chance to survey it without extreme consequences of becoming ill.  During this surveillance period, specific immune cells, called B cells, produce antibodies that match unique molecular signatures (called antigens...